On February 3, 2023, a Norfolk Southern freight train derailed near East Palestine, Ohio, releasing over a million gallons of hazardous materials, including vinyl chloride. The incident led to the evacuation of more than 2,000 residents and prompted significant environmental concerns. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) identified an overheated railcar bearing as the cause and highlighted several safety lapses, including faulty track sensors and delayed communications. In its final report, the NTSB made safety recommendations to prevent future incidents, which U.S. lawmakers could enforce. Norfolk Southern has agreed to pay substantial penalties and cleanup costs. Despite reassurances, residents continue to report health issues, underscoring the long-term impact of the disaster.