Struggles and Resilience of Indigenous Communities in South America

The Jesuits' expulsion from the Spanish and Portuguese empires in the 18th century marked a significant shift in colonial administration, leading to a collapse of their economic systems in the Americas. In Colombia, the Awas indigenous community continues to face threats from armed groups while striving to protect their environment amid efforts at COP16. President Gustavo Petro's administration has seen fluctuating deforestation rates, as armed groups increasingly influence rural land use, complicating conservation efforts. Historical discrimination against Afro-Brazilians persists in contemporary Brazil, reflected in employment biases and systemic inequalities, as highlighted in a recent journalistic project. Along the Cataniapo River, Indigenous communities have unified to form the Río Cataniapo Commune, focusing on sustainable agriculture and traditional practices despite external economic pressures. The Huo̧ttö̧ja̧ community within the commune exemplifies the preservation of Indigenous culture and leadership in the face of modern challenges.