The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun for their groundbreaking discovery of microRNAs, which regulate gene activity and are essential for the development of multicellular organisms. Their research reveals how different cell types, despite having identical DNA, utilize gene regulation to express distinct characteristics through microRNAs acting as on-off switches in gene expression. This discovery adds a significant layer to our understanding of molecular biology, emphasizing the complexity of gene regulation. The awards ceremony is set for December 10, commemorating the death of Alfred Nobel, who established the prizes. The upcoming announcement for the Sveriges Riksbank prize in economic sciences is scheduled for October 11, following last year's award to Claudia Goldin for enhancing the understanding of women's labor market outcomes.